Minnis’ team, the Langley Cloud and Radiation Group, works on developing ways to represent cloud information collected for NASA’s satellite project, Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES). The team adapted those CERES procedures to apply them to data being collected from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES).
The result of the fusion is new and improved cloud information, which is now being fed into forecasts produced by NOAA’s National Weather Service (NWS) in near-real time – every hour.
“Our users, which include aviation, severe weather, energy and general forecasting, have a significant need for weather guidance on what will happen in the next 2 to 18 hours,” says Stan Benjamin, the Assimilation and Modeling Branch chief within NOAA’s Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), an office of atmospheric researchers who work with several other labs and agencies, including NWS, to develop new, advanced weather models.
“We increase skill of weather models in an ongoing basis by improving methods to assimilate observations for the model initial conditions and improving the models themselves to better represent the actual atmospheric processes,” Benjamin says.
Scientists found that the previous weather forecasts anticipated too much tropical convection and too few clouds over Canada.
“We are now providing better information on cloud ceiling and top heights, which help the forecast model place clouds more accurately on the map. In addition, we measure the amount of water in the clouds and determine if that water is liquid or ice,” says Minnis.
Cloud ceiling heights also tell aviation forecasters how far from the ground certain clouds are. When clouds are too low, pilots have difficulty landing planes.
Minnis has been working with GOES data since 1978, and he says one of his goals has always been to get cloud information into weather prediction models. Under the sponsorship of the NASA Applied Sciences Program, Minnis and his colleagues have been able to work with NOAA/ESRL to do just that.
“Making these kinds of improvements to a weather forecast model can help pilots and air traffic controllers better route flights and issue proper warnings,” says Minnis.
These weather models are collecting information not only from satellites, but also from commercial airplanes, radars, wind profilers, weather balloons, surface stations and others. The cloud products from NASA are one of 25 different types of observations that the model uses to improve short-term forecasts that simulate what is happening in the atmosphere.
“Improved wind forecasts make estimates for aircraft arrival time more accurate, and improved model-based storm forecasts allows the FAA (Federal Aviation Administration) to better anticipate thunderstorm timing and location in the summer to minimize delays,” says Benjamin.
As a result from improved NOAA weather model guidance, including help from NASA science collaboration, air travelers benefit from improved safety in both summer and winter and improved on-time performance that is less vulnerable to weather-related delays.
Jennifer LaPan
NASA’s Langley Research Center, Hampton, Va.